How do bacteria typically reproduce?

Bacteria typically reproduce asexually through a process known as binary fission. In binary fission, a single bacterial cell duplicates its genetic material and then divides into two identical daughter cells. This method of reproduction allows for rapid population growth, especially under favorable environmental conditions, as one bacterium can multiply into millions in a short time.

While some bacteria are capable of genetic exchange through processes like conjugation, which involves the transfer of genetic material between two cells, this is not a method of reproduction in itself. Instead, it plays a role in increasing genetic diversity. Bacteria do not undergo mitosis or meiosis as they lack a nucleus, which are processes associated with eukaryotic cell division. Spore formation is also a survival mechanism that certain bacteria employ in harsh conditions, but it is not the primary means of reproduction. Hence, binary fission remains the standard and most common method of reproduction among bacteria.